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Common Names: Blow, Bump, C, Candy, Coke, Crack, Flake, Rock, Snow, Toot
What is cocaine?
Cocaine is an addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. Cocaine comes in two forms:
- Powder cocaine is a white powder (which scientists call a hydrochloride salt). Street dealers often mix cocaine with other substances like cornstarch, talcum powder, or sugar. They also mix cocaine with stimulant drugs like amphetamines, or synthetic opioids, including fentanyl, which has caused deaths.
- Crack is a form of cocaine that has been processed to make a rock crystal that people smoke. The term “crack” refers to the cracking sound the rocks make when they are heated.
How Cocaine Is Used
There are a few different ways that cocaine can enter the body: through the nose by snorting, and directly into the blood stream by injecting or rubbing it into gums above the teeth. The crystal of crack cocaine is heated in a glass pipe to produce vapors that are absorbed into the blood through the lungs.Expand All
What happens to your brain when you use cocaine?
All drugs change the way the brain works by changing the way nerve cells communicate. Nerve cells, called neurons, send messages to each other by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters attach to molecules on neurons called receptors. (Learn more about how neurotransmitters work.) Drugs affect this signaling process.
There are many neurotransmitters, but dopamine is the main one that makes people feel good when they do something they enjoy, like eating a piece of chocolate cake or playing a video game. Normally, dopamine gets recycled back into the cell that released it, thus shutting off the signal. Stimulants like cocaine prevent the dopamine from being recycled, causing a buildup of the neurotransmitter in the brain. It is this flood of dopamine that reinforces taking cocaine, “training” the brain to repeat the behavior. The drug can cause a feeling of intense pleasure and increased energy.
With repeated use, stimulants like cocaine can disrupt how the brain’s dopamine system works, reducing a person’s ability to feel pleasure from normal, everyday activities. People will often develop tolerance, which means they must take more of the drug to get the desired effect. If a person becomes addicted, they might take the drug just to feel “normal.”
After the “high” of the cocaine wears off, many people experience a “crash” and feel tired or sad for days. They also experience a strong craving to take cocaine again to try to feel better.
Learn more about how the brain works and what happens when a person uses drugs. And, check out how the brain responds to natural rewards and to drugs.
What happens to your body when you use cocaine?
Short-Term Effects
Cocaine is a stimulant so it gives the body a feeling of stimulation and alertness, which can be both pleasurable and harmful. Cocaine’s short-term effects appear quickly and disappear within a few minutes to an hour. How long and intense the effects depend on the method of use. Here are some of the ways cocaine affects the body:
- extreme happiness and energy
- mental alertness
- sensitivity to sight, sound, and touch
- irritability
- paranoia (feeling that people are out to get you)
- constricted blood vessels and dilated pupils
- higher body temperature
- higher blood pressure and faster heartbeat, leading to higher risk of heart attack or stroke
- feeling sick to the stomach
- restlessness
- decreased appetite and, over time, a loss of weight
- inability to sleep
Long-Term Effects
The long-term effects of cocaine depend, in part, on the method of use and include the following:
- snorting: loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, nasal damage, and trouble swallowing
- smoking: cough, asthma, and lung damage
- consuming by mouth: damage to intestines (between the stomach and anus) caused by reduced blood flow
- needle injection: higher risk for HIV and hepatitis (a liver disease) through shared needles (read more about the link between viral infections and drug use)
- all methods: poor nutrition and weight loss
Can you overdose or die if you use cocaine?
Victim of Cocaine Overdose
One of the most famous victims of cocaine overdose is Len Bias, a senior at the University of Maryland, who had been drafted as the No. 2 pick by the Boston Celtics on June 17, 1986. Just 2 days later, he died from a cocaine overdose.
Yes. In 2018, 859 people ages 15–24 died from a cocaine overdose in the U.S.1
Cocaine can be deadly when taken in large doses or when mixed with other drugs or alcohol. Cocaine-related deaths often happen because the heart stops (cardiac arrest), then breathing stops. Using cocaine and drinking alcohol or using other drugs increases these dangers, including the risk of overdose.
For example, combining cocaine and heroin (known as a “speedball”) puts a person at higher risk of death from an overdose. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or soon after. Among the deaths that occurred from cocaine use, most also included misuse of an opioid of some form, either a prescription pain reliever, heroin, or man-made opioids like fentanyl.
Learn more about drug overdoses in youth.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2018 on CDC WONDER Online Database, X45, Y15, released 2019. Available at http://wonder.cdc.gov.
Is cocaine addictive?
Yes, repeated cocaine use can lead to addiction. Addiction is a devastating brain disease in which people can’t stop using drugs even when they really want to and even after it causes terrible consequences to their health and other parts of their lives.
Because a cocaine high usually doesn’t last very long, people take this drug again and again to try to keep feeling good. Once addicted, people who are trying to quit taking cocaine might experience withdrawal symptoms, including:
- depression
- feeling very tired
- increased appetite
- bad dreams and trouble sleeping
- slowed thinking
- restlessness
The right treatment, however, can help a person who is addicted control cravings and stop using cocaine.
How many teens use cocaine?
The chart below shows the percentage of teens who use cocaine.
| Drug | Time Period | 8th Graders | 10th Graders | 12th Graders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cocaine | Lifetime | 1.6 | 1.6 | 4.1 |
| Past Year | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.9 | |
| Past Month | 0.1 | [0.4] | 0.8 | |
| Crack Cocaine | Lifetime | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.6 |
| Past Year | [0.2] | 0.5 | 1.2 | |
| Past Month | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
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* Data in brackets indicate statistically significant change from the previous year. Previous MTF Data
Explore teen substance use trends over time, by grade and substance with an interactive chart featuring Monitoring the Future data from 2016 to present.
For more statistics on teen drug use, see NIDA’s Monitoring the Future study.
What should I do if someone I know needs help?
If you, or a friend, are in crisis and need to speak with someone now:
- Call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (they don’t just talk about suicide—they cover a lot of issues and will help put you in touch with someone close by)
If you want to help a friend, you can:
- Share resources from this site, including this page.
- Point your friend to NIDA’s Step by Step Guide for Teens and Young Adults.
- Encourage your friend to speak with a trusted adult.
https://teens.drugabuse.gov/media/oembed?url=https%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DAvi9pHvTw-k&max_width=600&max_height=0&hash=uMah22hgGFAAh2ppsGwjU39khjThwhh-OcPd4hKNNYkView Transcript
If a friend is using drugs, you might have to step away from the friendship for a while. It is important to protect your own mental health and not put yourself in situations where drugs are being used.
For more information on how to help a friend or loved one, visit our Have a Drug Problem, Need Help? page.
Where can I get more information?
Drug Facts
- Commonly Used Drugs Chart
- DrugFacts: Cocaine
- Mind Over Matter Teaching Guide and Series: Cocaine
- Pick Your Poison. Intoxicating Pleasures & Medical Prescriptions: Cocaine [National Library of Medicine]
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